GOLDEN RULE (Golden Proportion)
The golden rule is an ancient principle used in mathematics, art and architecture to provide a guide for esthetic pleasing proportion. A line is divided into two parts such that one part is the mean and the other part is the extreme. The ratio of proportion is 1 to 1.61'8, mean to extreme. Interestingly, the same progression of numbers can be achieved by multiplying by 1.618 or dividing by 0.618.
The principle of golden proportion to evaluate facial and smile esthetics was described in the following article.
Levin El. Dental Esthetics and the Golden Proportion J Prosthetic Dentistry 40:244-252 1978
Several books and articles describes the following proportions as golden proportion mean to extreme. It should be noted that these measurements are taken face on only as if done on a photograph and not three dimensionally as would be done on the face.
PROPORTIONS MEAN TO EXTREME
The lower edge of the nose to the incisal edge of the maxillary incisors
The incisal edge of the maxillary incisors to the bottom of the chin.
The inner canthus to the outer canthus of each eye
The inner canthus of the right eye to the inner canthus of the left eye.
The pupil of the eye to the inner canthus of the eye
The midline between the eyes to the inner canthus of the eye
The cervical apex of a tooth to the height of the gingival papillae
The height of the gingival papillae to the incisal edge of a tooth.
The mesial of the central incisor to the distal of the cuspid
The distal of the cuspid to the distal of the last posterior tooth.
The mesial distal width of a tooth
The mesial distal width of the adjacent, mesial tooth.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
FACIAL DIMENSION
A line drawn through the pupils of the eyes should be perpendicular to the midline. The lip line and overall incisal edges of teeth within an arch should be parallel to the line drawn through the pupils.
A line drawn through the pupils of the eyes and a line drawn through the lips at rest should divide the face into three equal portions. The upper third is considered the cerebral ox intellectual portion. The middle third is considered the sentimental or social portion. The lower third is considered the sensual or physical portion. Increased dimension of any area increases perceived personality of a person.
OVERALL INCISAL CONTOUR
A line drawn following the outline formed by the incisal edges of the maxillary teeth should be 1 to 3 millimeters parallel/equidistant to the lower lip line. There will be some variation as aging occurs. Old individuals loose elasticity in the lips which results in sagging. The result is prominence of the mandibular teeth and diminution of the maxillary teeth. A masculine smile is a straight line. A feminine smile forms a curved smile.
OVERALL GINGIVAL CONTOURS
A line drawn following the gingival contours of the maxillary teeth should follow the line of the upper lip in what is referred to as a medium (average) smileline. There will be less correlation with a high or low lip line.
SYMMETRY
There should be symmetry of color, shape and position of teeth about the midline. The central incisors should be dominant with perspective such that each tooth posteriorly appears to get smaller. Key words to achieve this are dominance, proportion, symmetry and balance.
NEGATIVE SPACE
The back or the mouth is considered a dark space as no light enters when standing. A negative space is an area within an ideal smile which shows through the back of the mouth and therefore darkness. A diastema is a negative space.
AXIAL INCLINATION
Axial inclination of teeth, anterior and posterior are tilted to the mesial. Posterior axial inclination appears parallel to each other. The incisal edge is perpendicular to the long axis of a tooth. Incisors incline to the facial while maxillary cuspids appear to have a lingual tilt with the height of contour to the facial at the gingival third.
CONTACTS
Contacts of maxillary incisors and cuspids can be point or long in an incisal gingival direction. Contact starts (and can extend gingivally) at the incisal third central incisor to central incisor, the junction of the incisal to middle third central incisor to lateral incisor, and middle third lateral incisor to cuspid
GINGIVAL CONTOURS
Gingival contours form a silhouette around the lower section of a tooth. The highest, most gingival peak is referred to as an apex. The apex of maxillary central incisors and cuspids is distal to a line drawn through the midline/long axis of the tooth. The maxillary lateral incisor apex is coincidental to the midline/long axis of the tooth.
The gingival apex of a lateral incisor is 1 millimeter short of the central incisor and cuspid apex heights. The cuspid and central incisor gingival apex height are equal in height.
FACE AND SILHOUETTE OF A TOOTH
Teeth mesial and distal line angles, gingival curvature of tooth structure at the height of contour and incisal curvature defines the face of a tooth. Altering placement and shape of these defines the face of a tooth and the perceived size.
The mesial face and silhouette of a tooth is more angled off vertical than the distal aspect of a tooth.
OBSERVE THE DIFFERENCE OF PERCEIVED SIZE FOR
THESE TEETH. THEY ARE ALL THE SAME SIZE
EMBRASURES, INCISAL EDGE & INCISAL EDGE AND GINGIVAL BROWN ROOT STRUCTURE
GINGIVA FORM A SILHOUETTE EMBRASURE
BROWN ROOT STRUCTURE & LINES OF COLOR SURFACE TEXTURE, INCISAL EDGE
BROWN MESIAL AND DISTAL EMBRASURES, BROWN COLOR
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